Correlation:
Q: Define detoxification. Mention its site. (Topic: Xenobiotics)
A: Biochemical reactions occurring in the body to convert foreign (often toxic) compound to non-toxic or less toxic and more easily excretable forms. It occurs in liver.
Q: Name the phase II reaction in Detoxification. Name its agents. (Topic: Xenobiotics)
A: Conjugation Reactions
Conjugating agents: Glycine, Glutathione, Glucuronic Acid, Sulfation, acetylation, Methylation
Q: Mention the role of glycine as conjugating agent in detoxification for bile acids. (Topic: Lipids)
A: As a part of normal body metabolism, glycine conjugates bile acids.
Cholic acid → Glycocholic acid
Chenodeoxy cholic acid → Glyco-chenodeoxy cholic acid
Q: Mention the role of glycine as conjugating agent for detoxification in liver. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Glycine + Benzoic acid → Hippuric acid
Q: Mention the role of glucuronic acid as conjugating agent for bilirubin (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: UDP Glucuronyl transferase
UDP-Glucuronate + Bilirubin → Bilirubin diglucuronide
(Conjugated bilirubin)
Q: What is Glutathione? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Tripeptide; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine
Q: Mention the Phase I reactions in detoxification. (Topic: Xenobiotics)
A: Oxidation, Reduction and Hydrolysis
Q: Mention how alcohols, aldehydes and amines are detoxified? (Topic: Xenobiotics)
A: By Phase I reaction- Oxidation
Correlation:
Q: Define tumor markers. (Topic: Oncogenesis)
A: Biochemical indicators employed to detect the presence of cancers.
Q: Mention the proteins and antigens which can be used as tumor markers along with associated Cancers. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
| Tumor Markers | Associated cancers |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | Cancers of the liver, germ cell cancers |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Cancers of colon, lung, breast |
| CA-125 | Ovarian cancer |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | Prostate cancer |
Q: Mention enzymes which can be used as tumor markers. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Enzymes: PAP, NSE, Alkaline phosphatase
Q: Mention hormones which can be used as tumor markers. (Topic: Oncogenesis)
A: Hormones: hCG, Calcitonin, Catecholamines
Q: Mention competitive enzyme inhibitor, which can be used as an anticancer drug. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Methotrexate which competitively inhibits enzyme Dihydrofolate reductase
Q: Mention the enzyme used in cancer therapy. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Asparginase used in Cancer therapy- leukemia (ALL)
Q: Mention effect of cancer on nitrogen balance. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Negative nitrogen balance
Q: Mention use of polymerase chain reaction in cancer detection. (Topic: Recombinant DNA Technology)
A: Identification of mutations in oncosupressor genes, such as p53, retinoblastoma gene and so on help in identifying individuals vulnerable to cancer.