Correlation
Q: Name the hormones which regulates Calcium levels? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcitriol, Parathyroid hormones, Calcitonin
Q: What is Calcitriol? Name the organ where it is synthesized? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Active form of Vitamin D, Synthesized in Kidney
Q: Classify Kidney function tests. (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Tests based on Glomerular function, Tubular function, Blood tests, Urine tests
Q: Name the kidney function test used to measure glomerular filtration rate. (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Clearance Tests
Q: Name various clearance tests. (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Urea, Creatinine, Inulin
Q: What is Inulin? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Homopolysaccharide of Fructose
Q: Name other homopolysaccharides. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Starch, Dextrin, Cellulose, Glycogen
Q: What is Cellulose? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Occurs extensively in plants, Major constituent of dietary fibers
Q: Mention sources of dietary fibers. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Fruits, Leafy vegetables, Whole wheat legumes
Q: Mention beneficial effects of dietary fiber. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: 1. Prevents constipation: Maintain GI motility
- Eliminates bacterial toxins
- Decreases GIT (colon) cancers
- Improves glucose tolerance, glycemic control and increases sensitivity to insulin.
- Reduces plasma cholesterol (hypolipidemic effect)
Correlation
Q: Name the mineral involved in blood coagulation. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcium is involved in Blood Coagulation: Factor IV dependent on Ca2+.
Q: Name the vitamin involved in blood coagulation. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K involved in post translation modification of certain clotting factors (factors 2, 7, 9, 10).
Q: Name the Lipid (Phospholipid) involved in coagulation. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Cephalins: Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine a Glycerophospholipid is involved in blood coagulation.
Q: Define Coagulation. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: – When heated, irreversible denaturation results in coagulation.
Coagulum is thick, semisolid precipitate of protein.
Q: Define Denaturation. Which protein structure remains intact after denaturation? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
- Disorganization of native protein structure.
- Only primary structure remains intact.
Q: Synthesis of plasma proteins, clotting factors is function of which organ? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Synthetic function of liver.
Q: Mention the tests to assess synthetic function of liver. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Serum Total proteins, Serum albumin, globulins, A/G ratio, Prothrombin time
Correlation
Q: Define micronutrients. Give examples. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Micronutrients are substances required in very small amounts (mg or μg) and that mainly function as co-factors of enzymes ( < 0.005% body weight).
Example: Vitamins, Trace minerals (Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Se, Mn, F).
Q: Define macronutrients. Give Examples. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Macronutrients are chemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (> 0.005% body weight).
Example: Proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl and S).
Q: The inorganic element which is found in the structure of majority of high energy compounds? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Phosphorus
Q: Mention the role of phosphorus in regulation of acid-base balance? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: It is the Major intracellular buffer, which acts as first line of defence operative in maintaining the blood pH.
Q: Mention the role of phosphorus in the structure of DNA. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: DNA & RNA have phosphodiester linkages (backbone of structure)
Q: Mention the role of phosphorus in the structure of nucleotides. (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Synthesis of nucleotide coenzymes such as NAD+, NADP+ and PLP.
Q: Mention the role of phosphorylation in post-translational modification. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Phosphorylation is one of the covalent modifications in in post-translational modifications.
It either increase or decrease in activity of proteins
Protein kinase- Phosphorylation
Protein phosphatase- Dephosphyrylation
Correlation
Q: Define trace element. (Topic: Minerals)
A: A trace element is a chemical element required by living organisms in extremely small amounts—typically less than 100 milligrams per day in humans—for normal physiological and biochemical functions.
Q: Trace element involved in protection of cells against the damage of H2O2 and other free radicals. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Selenium
Q: Selenium acts synergistically with which vitamin as an antioxidant? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin E
Q: Which amino acids incorporate selenium in proteins? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Selenium as selenocystiene [21st Amino Acids]
Q: Which endocrine gland’s function is affected by selenium deficiency? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Selenium containing enzyme-5’deiodinase converts T4 to T3
Selenium is involved in the removal of iodine from thyroid hormones.
Q: Name the major selenium-containing enzyme. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Essential component of glutathione peroxidase
Q: Mention the deficiency manifestation of Selenium. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Keshan’s disease- endemic cardiomyopathy
Correlation
Q: Mention the trace element excess intake of which leads to fluorosis. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Fluorine
- Fluorosis: drinking water >2ppm of fluoride
- In children causes-mottling of enamel, discoloration of teeth
- Dental fluorosis- teeth become weak, rough, brown or yellow patches
- Skeletal fluorosis: >20ppm fluoride is toxic
- Hypercalcification , increased density of bones of limbs, pelvis, spine
- Ligaments of spine get calcified
- Advanced stage- individuals get crippled, stiff joints, Genu valgum
Q: Mention fluorine’s function related to bone & teeth. (Topic: Minerals)
A:
- Prevents development of dental caries
- Forms a protective layer of acid resistant fluoroapatite with hydroxyapatite of enamel
- Fluoride increases the resistance of enamel to acid attacks.
- Fluoride is essential for the normal development of bony structure.
Q: Mention the link between zinc & Glycolysis. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Sodium fluoride inhibits enolase enzyme of glycolysis.
Q: Mention the link between zinc & TCA Cycle. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Fluoroacetate inhibits aconitase enzyme of TCA cycle.
Q: Mention other minerals which help in bone & teeth. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcium & Phosphorus
Q: Mention the vitamin which increases calcium absorption in bone, intestines, and kidney. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin D
Q: Apart from Vitamin D. mention other factors which promote calcium absorption. (Topic: Minerals)
- A: Parathyroid hormone: Increased synthesis of Calcitriol.
- Acidity (Low pH)
- Lactose
- Lysine & arginine- Amino Acids
Correlation
Q: Mention the mineral which acts a second messenger in hormone action. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcium
Q: Mention the phospholipid which acts as second messenger for the action of certain hormones. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Phosphatidylinositol
Q: Mention the transport protein for Calcium in circulation. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Albumin.
Q: Apart from calcium, name other substances transported by albumin. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Albumin – transport of Free Fatty Acids, Unconjugated bilirubin, Copper.
Q: Free Fatty Acid-Albumin complex belongs to which category of lipids? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Complex lipid- It is one of the Lipoproteins.
Q: Name the lipoproteins. (Topic: Lipids)
A: 1. Chylomicrons
- Very low density lipoproteins VLDL
- Low density lipoproteins LDL
- High density lipoproteins HDL
- Free fatty acid-albumin complexes
Q: Mention the functions of lipoproteins. (Topic: Lipids)
A: They are the transport vehicle for lipids in circulation.
- Chylomicrons: Transport exogenous TAG to various tissues.
- VLDL: Transport endogenous TAG to various tissues.
- LDL: Transport cholesterol from liver to other extrahepatic tissues: Lethally Dangerous Lipoprotein.
- HDL: Transport cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to liver. (Reverse cholesterol transport): Highly desirable Lipoprotein
Q: Mention relationship between atherosclerosis, lipoproteins & Calcium. (Topic: Lipids, Minerals)
A: Thickening or hardening of arteries due to accumulation of lipids (cholesterol; free & esterified), collagen, fibrous tissue, proteoglycans, calcium deposits etc.
- Risk directly correlated with plasma cholesterol & LDL-C.
- Inversely correlated with HDL-C.
Correlation
Q: Mention the normal range of serum calcium. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Normal calcium level in plasma 9-11 mg/dl (4.5-5.5 mEq/L)
Q: Mention RDA for calcium. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Adult men and women: 800 mg/day
Women during pregnancy, lactation and post-menopause:1.5 gm/day
Q: Mention the deficiency manifestations of Calcium. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Hypocalcemia:
- Serum calcium is less than 9 mg/dl.
- Tetany: Serum calcium below 7 mg/dl: Neuromuscular irritability, spasms, convulsions, Chvotek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign
Q: Mention the disease of Incomplete mineralization resulting in soft and pliable bones and delay in teeth formation, which is related to Calcium deficiency. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Rickets
Q: Mention the vitamin deficiency related to rickets. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Cause of rickets: Low levels of Vitamin D in body or dietary deficiency of Ca or P or both.
Q: Hypoparathyroidism leads to (Topic: Minerals)
A: Hypoparathyroidism leads to Hypocalcaemia & Hyperphosphatemia.
Q: Mention the role of dietary fiber in calcium absorption. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: High content of dietary fiber inhibits calcium absorption.
Q: Apart from dietary fiber, which factors inhibit calcium absorption. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Phytates (in cereals), oxalates (in leafy vegetables)
High content of dietary phosphate.
- Free fatty acids
- Alkaline condition (High pH)
- Malabsorption syndrome
Q: Other than calcium, phytates and oxalates inhibit absorption of which mineral? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Iron
Q: Mention the dietary sources of iron. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Rich: Organ meats (liver, heart, kidney), jaggery
Good: Leafy vegetables, pulses, cereals, fish, apples, dates
Correlation
Q: The disorder commonly observed in persons receiving repeated blood transfusions. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Hemosiderosis- Excessive iron in the body
Q: Storage forms of iron are (Topic: Minerals)
A: Ferritin & Hemosiderin (Liver, spleen & bone marrow)
Q: Iron transport proteins are
A: Transferrin, Ferroportin, Haptoglobin (Topic: Minerals)
Q: Mention role of transferrin & Hepcidin as antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: These proteins protect iron and hemoglobin respectively from peroxidation.
Q: Mention the role of Vitamin A in Iron deficiency anemia. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Retinol and retinoic acid are essential for the synthesis of transferrin, the iron transporting protein. Iron deficiency anemia may occur in vitamin A deficiency
Q: Define vitamers. Give examples. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity.
Retinol, Retinal & Retinoic Acid are vitamers of vitamin A.
Q: Name the Provitamin A, which is present in plant sources. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Beta Carotene
Q: Name antioxidant Vitamins. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol), Vitamin C, Beta carotene
Q: Trace element involved in protection of cells against the damage of H2O2 and other free radicals, which acts synergistically with vitamin E. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Selenium
Correlation
Q: The copper containing protein involved for conversion of ferrous ion (Fe++) to Ferric ion (Fe+++) in the plasma is (Topic: Minerals)
A: Ceruloplasmin
Q: Mention the disease which is known as hepatolenticular degeneration, where ceruloplasmin levels in blood are decreased. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Wilson’s disease
Q: Mention the characteristic changes in eye of the patient of Wilson’s disease. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Kayser–Fleischer ring: pigments that occur in Wilson’s disease are observed in cornea of the eye.
Q: Mention the genetic defect in Wilson’s disease. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Mutations in the gene for a copper -binding ATPase
Q: Mention other genetic disease of copper metabolism, which has same genetic defect as Wilson’s disease. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Menke’s kinky hair syndrome- Mutations in the gene for a copper -binding ATPase
Q: Mention role of ceruloplasmin as antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Ceruloplasmin protect copper from peroxidation.
Q: Serum Ceruloplasmin test is done to assess which function of liver? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Synthetic function of liver.
Q: Apart from ceruloplasmin levels, mention other tests to assess synthetic function of liver. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
- Serum total proteins, Serum albumin
- Ceruloplasmin
- A1-Antitrypsin
- Haptoglobin
- A2-Macroglobin
- Transferrin
- A-Fetoprotein
- Prothrombin time (PT)
Correlation
Q: Which is the Chief cation of extracellular fluid? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Sodium (Na)
Q: Mention the normal concentration of serum sodium. (Topic: Minerals)
A: 135-145 mEq/l
Q: Mention the role of sodium in regulation of acid-base balance. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Sodium regulates the body’s acid–base balance along with chloride and bicarbonate. It is involved in forming a bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3–H2CO3) and a phosphate buffer system (NaH2PO4–Na2HPO4). These buffer systems play an important role in the acid–base balance.
Q: Mention the role of sodium in regulation of water-electrolyte balance. (Topic: Water-electrolyte balance)
A: Sodium plays a role in maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid balance.
Q: Mention the role of Sodium in Intestinal absorption. (Topic: Cell)
A: Na+-Glucose transporters (Symport) use in Oral Rehydration Therapy or Na+-amino acid transporters (symport): Useful for Intestinal absorption of glucose, galactose, amino acids.
Q: Mention the role of Sodium in Primary active transport. (Topic: Cell)
A: Sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump. Responsible for maintenance of High K+ and low Na+ concentration in the cells.
Q: Define hyponatremia. Mention its causes. (Topic: Minerals)
A: When the plasma sodium level falls below normal, the condition is referred to as hyponatremia. The causes include: Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Burns, Addison’s disease (adrenocortical insufficiency), Renal tubular acidosis (tubular reabsorption of sodium is defective)
Q: Define hyponatremia. Mention its causes. (Topic: Minerals)
A: This condition is marked by an elevation in the plasma sodium level.
Causes of hypernatremia include
- Cushing’s syndrome (adrenocortical hyperactivity)
- Prolonged cortisone therapy
- Pregnancy (steroid hormones cause sodium retention in the body to some extent)
- Dehydration (when water is lost, the blood volume is decreased with apparent increase in the concentration of sodium- diabetes insipidus)
Correlation
Q: Which is the Chief cation of intracellular fluid? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Potassium is the major intracellular cation.
Q: Mention the normal concentration of serum sodium. (Topic: Minerals)
A: The plasma concentration of potassium is 3.5–5.0 mEq/L.
Q: Mention the role of potassium in regulation of water-electrolyte balance. (Topic: Water-electrolyte balance)
A: Potassium maintains intracellular osmotic pressure. Movement of water across the biological membranes is dependent on the osmotic pressure differences between ICF and ECF. In a healthy state, the osmotic pressure of ECF (mainly due to Na+ ions) is equal to the osmotic pressure of ICF (contributed by K+ ions). As such, there is no net passage of water molecules in or out of the cells maintaining osmotic equilibrium
Q: Mention the relation between potassium & glycolysis. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: The enzyme, pyruvate kinase (glycolysis) is dependent on K+ for its optimal activity.
Q: Define hypokalemia. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Hypokalemia is decrease in concentration of plasma potassium levels. Hypokalemia is observed in hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex (Cushing’s syndrome).
Q: Define hyperkalemia. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Hypokalemia is increase in concentration of plasma potassium levels. Decreased potassium excretion, so increased plasma potassium, can occur in mineralocorticoid deficiency (Addison’s disease) and by potassium sparing diuretics.
Q: Mention the role of sodium & potassium in bile salts (lipid digestion). (Topic: Lipids)
A: Bile salts–secreted in bile by liver; most effective biological emulsifying agents.
Sodium and potassium salts of glycocholic or taurocholic acid.
Correlation
Q: Name the trace element which is required for collagen cross-linking. (Topic: Minerals)
A: The hydroxylation of lysine and proline (required for collagen cross-linking) requires copper as an essential cofactor.
Q: Name the vitamin involved in collagen cross-linking. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Hydroxylation of proline and lysine occurs as post-translational modification, where vitamin C plays a significant role. Extensive covalent cross-links between lysine and hydroxylysine residues strengthen collagen fibers.
Q: Mention the role of copper in cellular respiration. (Topic: Biological Oxidation)
A: As a component of cytochrome oxidase (complex IV of ETC), it plays a role in cellular respiration.
Q: Mention the role of copper as antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: As a constituent of superoxide dismutase and catalase, it is involved in antioxidant function.
Q: Mention the role of copper in hemoglobin synthesis. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: As a cofactor of ALA synthase (heme synthesis), it is required for the formation of hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes.
Q: Mention the role of copper in tyrosine metabolism. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Copper acts as a cofactor for enzymes tyrosinase (Melanin synthesis) and dopamine hydroxylase (norepinephrine synthesis).
Q: Microcytic anemia occurs in deficiency of? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Deficiency of iron, copper, pyridoxine
Correlation
Q: Pellagra occurs due to deficiency of (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Q: Niacin is synthesized from which Amino Acid? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Tryptophan
Q: What is the link between Vitamin B6 & Vitamin B3? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B6 is essential for converting the amino acid tryptophan into niacin (Vitamin B3). So, a deficiency in Vitamin B6 can impair the body’s ability to synthesize Vitamin B3 from tryptophan, potentially leading to niacin deficiency (pellagra-like symptoms), even if tryptophan intake is adequate.
Q: Name the coenzyme form of vitamin B6. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Pyridoxal phosphate
Q: Why tuberculosis patients with treatment on Isoniazid should be supplemented by Vitamin B6? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Isoniazid forms a complex with pyridoxal phosphate (active B6), rendering it inactive
Often supplemented with B6 during TB treatment to prevent neuropathy.
Q: Other than Isoniazid, mention other inhibitors of vitamin B6. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Penicillamine- Binds B6 and inactivates it
Q: Mention the disease in which Penicillamine is used as treatment. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Wilson’s disease
Q: Mention the mutation in Wilson’s disease. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Due to mutations in the gene for a copper -binding ATPase.
Correlation
Q: Name the only water-soluble vitamin which can be stored in the liver. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B12
Q: Name the coenzyme form of Vitamin B12. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: 5 deoxy adenosyl Cobalamin, methylcobalamin
Q: What is folate trap? Mention role of vitamin B12 in folate trap. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: The folate trap occurs when there’s enough folate in the body, but it’s stuck in the form 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF) and cannot be converted into the active forms needed for DNA synthesis.
This happens because vitamin B12 is essential for the conversion of 5-methyl-THF to tetrahydrofolate (THF) — the usable form of folate in many metabolic reactions.
Q: Mention the role of folate in nucleotides metabolism. (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Synthesis of purines (incorporated into DNA)
Pyrimidine nucleotide –deoxythymidylic acid dTMP (involved in synthesis of DNA)
Q: Name the most common vitamin deficiency in pregnancy, which develops neural tube defects in fetus. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Folic acid
Q: Name the folic acid antagonists. Mention its mechanism of action. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Aminopterin & amethopterin (methotrexate): Anticancer drugs
Trimethoprim (component of septran), pyrimethamine (antimalarial)
Competitively inhibit dihydrofolate reductase & block the formation of THF.
Q: Mention the deficiency manifestations of folic acid deficiency. Mention its biochemical basis. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Macrocytic anemia (Block in DNA synthesis – impairment in maturation of RBCs)
In pregnant women: Neural tube defects in fetus.
Correlation
Q: Name the trace element used for the synthesis of thyroid hormones namely, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (Topic: Minerals)
Iodine
Q: Name the amino acid, from which thyroid hormones are synthesized? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Tyrosine
Q: Tyrosine is synthesized from which essential amino acid? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Phenylalanine by enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
Q: Defective phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme leads to? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Phenylketonuria
Q: Name the test used for diagnosis of Phenylketonuria. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Guthrie test, Ferric chloride test.
Q: Name the trace element useful in removal of iodine from thyroid hormones. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Selenium is involved in the removal of iodine from thyroid hormones.
Q: Majority of body’s iodine content is found in? (Topic: Minerals)
A: More than half of the body’s iodine content is found in thyroid gland
Q: Name the thyroid function tests. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Estimation of T3, T4, TSH, Free T3, Free T4
Correlation
Q: Deficiency of which trace element causes loss of taste sensation (Topic: Minerals)
A: Zinc
Q: Mention the role of zinc in molecular biology. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Zinc plays a crucial role in the synthesis and stabilisation of DNA, RNA and proteins. It is an integral component (cofactor) of DNA and RNA polymerases. It forms zinc fingers.
Q: Mention the role of zinc as antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Zinc acts as an Antioxidant- as enzyme Superoxide dismutase has zinc as a cofactor
Q: Mention the role of zinc in acid-base balance homeostasis. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: As a component of carbonic anhydrase, zinc plays an important role in blood-gas transport and renal regulation of pH.
Q: Mention the role of zinc in regulation of vitamin A levels. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Zn promotes synthesis of retinol binding protein, Necessary to maintain normal levels of vit A
Q: Mention the role of zinc in regulation of blood sugar levels. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Storage & secretion of insulin from beta cells of pancreas require Zn.
Q: Mention the role of zinc in taste sensation. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Gusten, Zn containing protein of saliva important for taste sensation. Gusten is necessary for normal development of taste buds.
Q: Mention the cofactor for enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase, superoxide dismutase, Lactate dehydrogenase. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Zinc
Correlation
Q: Mineral act as a part of glucose tolerance factor (Topic: Minerals)
A: Chromium
Q: What is the criterion for fasting impaired glucose tolerance? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: 110-126 mg/dl
Q: What is the criterion for 2 hours impaired glucose tolerance? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: 140-199 mg/dl
Q: Glucose tolerance test is used to assess which function of the liver? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Test based on metabolic function of liver
Q: Mention other tests to assess metabolic function of liver. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Galactose Tolerance Test
Fructose Tolerance Test
Epinephrine Tolerance Test
Determination of Serum Cholesterol and cholesterol ester and their ratio.
Q: Name the dietary factor, which improves glucose tolerance. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Dietary fiber improves glucose tolerance, glycemic control and increases sensitivity to insulin.
Q: Mention the role of zinc in regulation of blood sugar levels. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Storage & secretion of insulin from beta cells of pancreas require Zn.
Correlation
Q: Name the fat-soluble vitamins. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin A, D, E, K
Q: Fat soluble vitamins belong to which category of lipids? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Derived lipids
Q: Which type of vitamins act as coenzymes for enzymes? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Water soluble
Q: Name the vitamins (coenzymes) involved in Kreb’s cycle. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Thiamine (TPP), Riboflavin (FAD)
Niacin (NAD), Pantothenic acid (CoA)
Lipoic acid (Lipoamide)
Q: Which fat-soluble vitamin can act as coenzyme? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K acts as a Coenzyme for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
Q: Name the antivitamin to Vitamin E with its use. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Dicoumarol acts as anticoagulant which competitively inhibits enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase
Q: All fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in body, EXCEPT? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K
Q: Why vitamin K is known as non-essential vitamin? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K is adequately synthesized by the gut bacteria, so there is no strict RDA for vitamin K, also known as non-essential vitamin.
Correlation
Q: Which type of vitamins can be stored in liver, not readily excreted in urine and can cause toxicity? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Fat soluble vitamins
Q: Mention absorption and transport of fat-soluble vitamins. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Fat soluble vitamins Requires protein carrier
They are transported like fat in chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL
Q: Which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol to tissues? (Topic: Lipids)
A: LDL
Q: Which type of lipoprotein is synthesized in the intestinal mucosa? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Chylomicron
Q: Mention the apoprotein of LDL & Chylomicron. (Topic: Lipids)
A: LDL- Apo B 100; Chylomicron- Apo B48
Q: What is mRNA editing? (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Conversion of CAA codon to UAA. From same gene, liver synthesizes apoB100 (LDL) while intestinal cells synthesize apoB 48 (Chylomicron)
Q: mRNA editing is associated with which process of molecular biology? (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Transcription
Correlation
Q: Fat soluble vitamin required for Carboxylation (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K
Q: Mention the role of Vitamin K in post-translational modification. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Post translation modification of certain clotting factors (factors 2, 7, 9, 10).
Q: Mention other vitamin involved in post-translational modification. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Vitamin C- In formation of collagen – acts as a coenzyme for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine when procollagen is converted to collagen (post-translational modification)
Q: Mention the role of vitamin C in lipid metabolism. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Required for cholesterol metabolism and corticosteroid hormone synthesis
Q: Mention the role of vitamin C in iron metabolism. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Enhances iron absorption (ferrous form); Ferritin formation.
Q: Mention the role of vitamin C in hemoglobin metabolism. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Converts Met-Hb to Hb.
Q: Mention the role of vitamin C as antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Strong Antioxidant property, so sparing action on other vitamins.
- Synthesis of immunoglobulins
- Reuse risk of cancer, cataract & coronary heart disease.
Q: Mention the role of vitamin C in amino acids metabolism. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Essential in tryptophan, tyrosine metabolism.
Correlation
Q: Name the water-soluble vitamins. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B Complex, Vitamin C
Q: Mention the role of vitamin C in folic acid metabolism. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin C acts as coenzyme for conversion of folic acid to active form tetrahydrofolate (THF).
Q: Mention the role of folic acid in nucleotide metabolism. (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Important for one carbon metabolism. tetrahydrofolate (THF) serves as an acceptor or donor of one carbon units (Formyl, methyl etc.) in amino acid & nucleotide metabolism. Folic acid has a role in Synthesis of purines (incorporated into DNA). Pyrimidine nucleotide –deoxythymidylic acid dTMP (involved in synthesis of DNA)
Q: Mention the role of folic acid in amino acid metabolism. (Topic: Amino acids)
A: Synthesis of glycine, serine, choline, ethanolamine
Q: Mention the role of folic acid in nucleic acid metabolism (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: N-formylmethionine: Initiator of protein biosynthesis is formed.
Q: Which is the most common vitamin deficiency in pregnancy? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Folic acid
Q: Name the folic acid antagonist with its mechanism of action. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Aminopterin & amethopterin (methotrexate): Anticancer drugs
Competitively inhibit dihydrofolate reductase & block the formation of THF.
Q: Histidine load test is used to assess? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Folic acid deficiency (FIGLU excreted in urine)
Correlation
Q: Elevated homocysteine levels which are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease occurs in the deficiency of vitamin (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B12
Q: Mention the relationship between homocysteine, methionine and vitamin B12. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: The activity of the enzyme homocysteine methyltransferase (Methionine synthase) is low in B12 deficiency.
Q: Define lipotropic factors. Name vitamins which act as lipotropic factors. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Deficiency of lipotropic factors causes TAG to accumulate in liver.
Vitamins as lipotropic factors: Folic acid, Vitamin B12
Q: Deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12 leads to (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Macrocytic anemia (Block in DNA synthesis – impairment in maturation of RBCs)
Choline, Betaine, methionine, Inositol, Folic acid, Vitamin B12, Glycine, Serine.
Q: Which is the most common vitamin deficiency in pregnancy. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Folic acid
Q: Deficiency of folic acid in pregnant women, leads to? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Neural tube defects in fetus.
Q: Pernicious anemia occurs due to deficiency of (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B12: Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells that secrete intrinsic factor.
Low haemoglobin level, decreased number of erythrocytes & neurological symptoms.
Q: Mention the biochemical basis of neuronal degeneration & demyelination of nervous system in pernicious anaemia. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Biosynthesis of fatty acids required for myelin formation is impaired, because methyl malonyl CoA acts as competitive inhibitor of malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis.
Vitamin B12 is required for Isomerization of Methyl malonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA.
Correlation
Q: Hyperlipidemias are treated by administering the following vitamin in overdoses? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Niacin
Q: Casal’s necklace is seen in which disease? Occurs due to deficiency of? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Pellagra; Niacin
Q: Mention the coenzymes of niacin. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: NAD+, NADP+
Q: Mention the coenzymes involved in transfer of H+ ions or electrons. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN
Q: FMN & FAD are coenzymes of which vitamin? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Q: Mention the enzyme used in laboratory diagnosis of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Laboratory diagnosis done by measurement of FAD-dependent glutathione reductase activity in RBC.
Q: Deficiency of vitamin B2 leads to? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: glossitis (magenta tongue), angular stomatitis, cheilosis (fissure-like lesions at the corners of the mouth), pharyngitis and genital dermatitis.
Q: Mention the coenzyme form of Vitamin Biotin. Mention its use. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Biocytin. Carboxylation reactions.
Correlation
Q: Name the disease seen in populations consuming exclusively polished rice as their staple diet. Name the deficient vitamin. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Beri-beri
Q: Describe types of beri-beri. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Wet beri-beri: It is characterised by cardiovascular signs and symptoms such as edema of legs, face, trunk and serous cavities.
Dry beri-beri: In this type, the nervous system is affected. It presents with progressive muscle wasting, peripheral neuropathy of the motor and sensory systems with diminished reflexes.
Q: Mention the enzyme used in laboratory diagnosis of Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Measurement of RBC transketolase: decreased activity of thiamine.
Q: Mention biochemical basis neurological manifestations in beri-beri. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Accumulation of pyruvate: Its increased concentration in plasma & excretion in urine.
Alteration in Blood Brain Barrier: Pyruvate enters brain, accumulates – polyneuritis. Impairment in nerve impulse transmission due to lack of TPP.
Q: Mention the syndrome seen in alcoholics with thiamine deficiency. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Wernicke –Korsakoff syndrome (encephalopathy)
- Genetic defect in transketolase activity.
- Seen in thiamine deficiency.
Q: Mention biochemical basis of lactic acidosis in thiamine deficiency. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Lack of TPP (Thiamine deficiency- Alcoholics): Accumulation of pyruvate,
In Alcoholics: Pyruvate → Lactate; Leads to Lactic Acidosis.
Q: Lactic acidosis leads to which type of acidosis? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Metabolic acidosis
Q: Mention causes of metabolic acidosis. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Severe uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Starvation ketosis, Lactic acidosis, Renal failure
Correlation
Q: Anti-tuberculosis drug INH leads to deficiency of vitamin? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Pyridoxine B6
Q: Name vitamers of Vitamin B6. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: 3 Vitamers – pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine.
Q: Mention the role of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in protein metabolism. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Involved in reactions such as transamination, decarboxylation, deamination, transsulfuration, etc
- Involved in formation of haemoglobin (ALA), hormones and structural proteins
- Synthesis of Niacin coenzymes from Tryptophan
Q: Mention products and functions of decarboxylation reaction. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
- Serotonin (from Tryptophan): Nerve impulse transmission
- Histamine (from histidine): Vasodilator & lowers the blood pressure
- GABA (from Glutamate): inhibits transmission of nerve impulse.
- Catecholamine (dopamine, NE, E) from tyrosine.
Q: Mention the deficiency manifestations of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Neurological: Tiredness, depression, Fatigue, irritability, peripheral neuropathy, mental confusion, Infants – convulsions (epilepsy)
- Hypochromic microcytic anemia: reduction in heme production
Q: Mention biochemical basis of neurological manifestations in vitamin B6 deficiency. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Decreased synthesis of serotonin, GABA, NE & E, which are decarboxylation products of Amino acids for which PLP (Pyridoxal phosphate) acts a coenzyme.
Q: Mention biochemical basis of hematological manifestations in vitamin B6 deficiency. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: hypochromic anemia due to diminished hemoglobin synthesis. PLP acts as a coenzyme for hemoglobin synthesis.
Q: Mention vitamin B6 antagonists. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH-isoniazid), Oral contraceptives
Q: Burning feet syndrome is associated with vitamin? Its Coenzyme? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Pantothenic acid, Coenzyme-CoA