Correlation
Q: Excretion of bile pigments & bile salts into the bile is which function of liver? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Excretory function
Q: Name the tests based on liver excretory function. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Serum-bilirubin: Total, conjugated and unconjugated
Urine: Bile pigments, bile salts and urobilinogen
Q: Bile pigments are degradation product of? Name the tests for its detection in urine. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Hemoglobin is degraded as bile pigments.
Test for Bilirubin in urine: Van den Bergh’s test, Gmelin’s test, Cole’s test, Fouchet’s test, Ehrlich’s test
Q: Name the vitamin involved in bile pigments degradation. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin C is required for degradation of bile pigments.
Q: Precursor for synthesis of bile salts is? Name the tests for its detection in urine. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Bile salts are product of cholesterol.
Tests for bile salts in urine: Hay’s sulphur powder test, Pettenkoffer’s test, Oliver’s test
Q: Increased urobilinogen in urine, absence of bilirubin in urine and increased stercobilinogen in feces are strongly suggestive of which type of jaundice? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Hemolytic Jaundice.
Q: Mention the normal range of serum total, direct and indirect bilirubin. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Normal range-
Total bilirubin – 0.2 to 1.0 mg/dl
Direct (conjugated) – 0.2 to 0.4 mg/dl
Indirect (unconjugated) – 0.2 to 0.6 mg/dl
Correlation
Q: Estimation of Total proteins, Serum albumin, globulins, A/G ratio, Prothrombin time is used to assess which function of the liver? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Synthetic function of liver
Q: Albumin, Globulin & plasma proteins are separated by? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Electrophoresis
Q: Mention the functions of plasma protein- albumin. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Albumin contributes to 75-80 % of total plasma osmotic pressure, Maintains blood volume and body fluid distribution.
Transport functions: Albumin – transport of FFA, Unconjugated bilirubin, Calcium, Copper
Q: Decrease in plasma albumin leads to which clinical condition in one of the Protein-energy malnutrition conditions? (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Bilateral pitting edema with a protruding abdomen in Kwashiorkor as osmotic pressure is not maintained due to albumin deficiency.
Q: Mention the basic cause of Kwashiorkor. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Protein deficiency in 1–5-year-old children
Q: Name the other type of PEM with severe muscle wasting, no edema, normal serum albumin. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Marasmus due to calorie restriction in below 1 year infant.
Q: Serum albumin levels are indicator of acute or chronic liver disease? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Chronic liver disease- Since albumin has a fairly long half-life of 20 days
Correlation:
Q: Serum albumin, globulins, A/G ratio estimation is part of which organ function test? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Liver function test- Synthetic function
Q: Name the test for bile salts in urine. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Hay’s sulphur powder test
Q: Precursor for bile salts is? Name the bile salts. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Cholesterol; Sodium and potassium salts of glycocholic or taurocholic acid
Q: Mention the role of bile salts in lipid digestion. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Bile salts–secreted in bile by liver; most effective biological emulsifying agents.
Q: Bile salts are excreted in urine in which type of jaundice? (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Bile salts are excreted in urine in Obstructive Jaundice and may be in hepatocellular Jaundice.
Q: Increased urobilinogen in urine and absence of bilirubin in urine are strongly suggestive of which type of Jaundice? (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Increased urobilinogen in urine and absence of bilirubin in urine are strongly suggestive of Hemolytic Jaundice.
Q: Bilirubin is degradation product of? (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Hemoglobin
Q: Name the test for bile pigments in urine. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Van den Bergh’s test, Gmelin’s test, Cole’s test, Fouchet’s test, Ehrlich’s test
Correlation:
Q: Name the enzymatic Markers of hepatocellular injury. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Q: ALT, AST caries out which reaction? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Transamination
Q: Out of ALT & AST, which is more sensitive & reliable for liver disease? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: ALT
Q: ALT & AST belongs to which class of enzymes? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Transferase
Q: Name the seventh class of enzyme with its function. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Translocase- Facilitate movement of molecules across membranes
Q: Name the enzymatic Markers of cholestasis- obstruction to the flow of bile. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
Q: Name the enzyme which rises in obstructive liver disease and whose activity parallels that of ALP. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: 5’ Nucleotidase
Q: Name the isoenzyme which rises in liver disease. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: LDH4, LDH5
Correlation:
Q: Name the hormonal function of kidney. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Erythropoietin, Calcitriol, Renin
Q: Calcitriol is? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Active form of Vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) synthesized in kidney.
Q: Name the hormones involved in regulation of water-electrolyte balance. (Topic: Water-electrolyte balance)
A: Aldosterone, ADH, Renin-Angiotensin. Interrelationship between renin, Angiotensin and Aldosterone plays an important role in regulation of Na+ Reabsorption.
Q: Mention the role of kidney in maintenance of homeostasis. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Maintenance of homeostasis: Regulation of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body.
Q: Mention the role of respiratory system & kidney in acid-base balance. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Respiratory system & Kidney are the second line of defense against pH shift.
Q: Mention the significance of renal system in acid-base balance maintenance. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Renal system- Can eliminate large amounts of acid, Most effective regulator of pH, Permanent solution but takes several hours to days.
Q: Name the vital substances retained to the body by kidney. (Topic: Organ function test)
A: Glucose, amino acids
Correlation:
Q: Name the kidney function tests to assess glomerular function of kidney. (Topic: Organ function test)
A: Clearance tests
Q: Define clearance. (Topic: Organ function test)
A: Clearance may be defined as the volume of plasma that would be completely cleared of substance per minute.
Q: Name the ideal clearance test. (Topic: Organ function test)
A: Inulin
Q: What is Inulin? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Polymer of Fructose i.e. Fructosan.- Homopolysaccharide
Q: Name the homopolysaccharide which is Carbohydrate reserve of animals, hence called animal starch. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Glycogen
Q: Name the homopolysaccharide which occurs extensively in plants & it is totally absent in animals. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Cellulose
Q: Name the homopolysaccharide which is carbohydrate reserve of plants & most important dietary source for higher animals including man. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Starch
Correlation:
Q: Measurement of specific gravity of urine is the test to assess which function of kidney? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Tubular function of kidney
Q: Mention other tests to assess tubular function of kidney? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Urine Concentration test, Urine dilution test
Q: Which test is more sensitive to assess kidney function? Serum tests or Clearance? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Clearance tests
Q: Which is better clearance test? Urea or Creatinine? Why? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Creatinine Clerance test is better. Urea after filtered by the glomeruli, it is partially reabsorbed by the tubules, So it is less than GFR. Urea is also influenced by protein content of the diet.
Q: What is creatinine? It is synthesized from which amino acid? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Creatinine is an anhydride of creatine. Glycine, arginine, Methionine
Q: Mention the reaction in which methionine acts as donor of methyl group. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Transmethylation
Q: Mention the products of transmethylation. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Epinephrine, metanephrine, choline, phosphatidylcholine, melatonin
Q: Phosphatidylcholine belongs to? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Phospholipids- Compound lipids
Correlation:
Q: Name the protein and trace element essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: A protein named Thyroglobulin and the trace element iodine are essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Q: Thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). are synthesized from which amino acid? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Tyrosine
Q: Mention the effect of thyroid hormones on BMR. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Thyroid hormones cause stimulation of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and increase consumption of oxygen and heat production.
Q: Mention the effect of thyroid hormones on protein synthesis. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Thyroid hormones: Increased Protein synthesis and cause positive nitrogen balance. Thyroid Hormones: Anabolic hormones
Q: Mention the effect of thyroid hormones on carbohydrate metabolism. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Thyroid hormones: Increased Intestinal absorption of glucose, Increased Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis- so it is responsible for hyperglycemia.
Q: Mention the effect of thyroid hormones on serum cholesterol levels. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Serum Cholesterol levels increased (Hypercholesterolemia): In hypothyroidism
Serum Cholesterol levels decreased (Hypocholesterolemia): in hyperthyroidism
Q: Mention the relationship between thyroid hormones and vitamin D. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Synthesis and secretion of parathyroid and thyroid hormones need Vitamin D
Correlation:
Q: Mention the biochemical picture in hypothyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Decreased levels of T3, T4, Increased TSH
Q: Mention the effect of hypothyroidism on BMR. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: BMR: decreased in hypothyroidism
Q: Mention other clinical features in hypothyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Slow Heart Rate, Sluggish behavior, Weight Gain, Sensitivity to Cold
Q: Differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Primary Hypothyroidism: TSH elevated (because of lack of feedback)
Secondary Hypothyroidism: TSH low
Q: Mention the effect of hypothyroidism on serum cholesterol levels. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Serum Cholesterol levels increased (Hypercholesterolemia): In hypothyroidism
Q: Hypothyroidism and myxedema occur in which trace element deficiency? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Iodine
Q: What is the advantage of Free T3, Free T4 over Total T3 & Total T4? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Since thyroid hormones induce biological actions in free form, any increase or decrease in their levels provide more accurate diagnosis of thyroid disease. When Total T4 and T3 levels are borderline, it is advisable to estimate free T3, free T4.
Correlation:
Q: Mention the biochemical picture in hyperthyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Increased levels of T3, T4, Decreased TSH
Q: Mention the effect of hyperthyroidism on BMR. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: BMR: Increased in hypothyroidism
Q: Mention other clinical features in hyperthyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Nervousness, anxiety, Rapid Heart Rate, Increased Sweating, Loss of weight despite increased appetite, Protrusion of eyeballs (exophthalmos)
Q: Differentiate between primary and secondary hyperthyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Primary Hyperthyroidism: TSH Decreased (Negative feedback by T3, T4)
Secondary Hyperthyroidism: TSH high
Q: Mention the effect of hyperthyroidism on serum cholesterol levels. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Serum Cholesterol levels decreased (Hypocholesterolemia): In hyperthyroidism
Q: Mention the effect of hyperthyroidism on glucose levels. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Hyperthyroidism leads to hyperglycemia.
Q: Mention other causes of hyperglycemia. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Diabetes Mellitus (Most common cause), hyperadrenalism, hyperpituitarism.