Chemistry & Metabolism: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids & Proteins, Nucleotides, Hemoglobin, Integration
Correlation
Q: Cholesterol belongs to which class of lipids? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Derived Lipids
Q: Name the vitamin derived from Cholesterol? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Vitamin D
Q: Deficiency of Vitamin D Leads to? (Topic: Vitamin)
A: Rickets in Children. Osteomalacia in adults
Q: Name the marker enzyme for bone diseases (Rickets & Osteomalacia)? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Q: ALP belongs to which class of enzymes? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Hydrolase (Class 3 Enzymes)
Q: Name other condition in which ALP acts as a marker enzyme? (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Obstructive jaundice
Q: Name another enzyme which levels parallel with ALP during obstructive jaundice? (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: 5’ Nucleotidase
Correlation
Q: Mention clinical features in patient of phenylketonuria (PKU). (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Mental retardation, hypopigmentation, mousy odour of urine, hypothyroidism.
Q: Mention the biochemical basis of hypopigmentation in PKU. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Patients of PKU, as they cannot form tyrosine (Due to deficiency of Phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme), exhibit hypopigmentation.
Q: Mention products of tyrosine. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Thyroxine, T3, Melanin, Catechol amines- Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
Q: Thyroxine & T3 synthesis requires trace element/mineral? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Iodine
Q: Iodine deficiency leads to? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Goitre (enlargement of thyroid gland), hypothyroidism and myxedema
Q: Mention biochemical picture in primary hypothyroidism. (Topic: Organ Function Test)
A: Decreased T3, Decreased T4, Increased TSH
Q: Mention effect of hypothyroidism on Basal metabolic rate (BMR). (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Decreased BMR
Correlation
Q: Name the Vitamin whose structure closely resembles to that of monosaccharide. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Vitamin C
Q: Name the disease due to deficiency of Vitamin C. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Scurvy. Characterized by spongy and sore gums, loose teeth, anemia, swollen joints, fragile blood vessels, decreased immunocompetance, Delayed wound healing
Q: Mention the basis of spongy and bleeding gums in scurvy. (Topic: Extracellular Matrix)
A: Vitamin C helps in Formation of collagen – acts as a coenzyme for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine when procollagen is converted to collagen.
Q: Mention the role of Vitamin C in mineral metabolism. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin C Enhances iron absorption (ferrous form); Ferritin formation.
Q: Mention other factors which enhances iron absorption. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Acidity, iron deficiency anemia, alcohol, fructose and cysteine promote iron absorption
Q: Mention the role of iron in Electron transport chain. (Topic: Biological Oxidation)
A: Complex III of ETC: Iron Sulphur protein- Exist Fe3+ (ox) or Fe2+ (red) state.
Complex V of ETC: Cytochromes: Cytochrome are b, c1, c, a, a3.
Q: Other than cytochromes, mention other hemoproteins. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, cytochrome, xanthine oxidase, catalase, tryptophan pyrrolase, peroxidase.
Q: Apart from iron, mention other cofactor for cytochrome oxidase & catalase. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Copper
Correlation
Q: Mention the Metabolic Significance of HMP Shunt. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Formation of Pentoses & Provision of NADPH
Q: NADPH is a coenzyme of? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Q: Mention Significance NADPH. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A:
-
- Reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids.
-
- Synthesis of amino acids- glutamate dehydrogenase.
- Free radical scavenging: Antioxidant.
- Detoxification-hydroxylation. Cytochrome P450
- Phagocytosis.
- Integrity of RBC membrane.
Q: What is the End product of Pentose metabolism? (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Uric Acid
Q: Mention the rate limiting enzyme in HMP Shunt. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Q: Mention Clinical Significance of HMP shunt. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: G6PD Deficiency Anemia/ Drug induced Hemolytic anemia.
Q: Name the precipitating factors for G6PD Deficiency anemia. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Antimalarial (primaquine), acetanilide (antipyretic), sulfamethooxazole (antibiotic) precipitate the hemolysis- jaundice and severe anemia
Q: G6PD Deficient anemia leads to which type of Jaundice. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Hemolytic
Q: Mention the Result of Van Den Bergh test in Hemolytic Jaundice. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Indirect
Correlation
Q: Name the pathway of conversation of lactate from muscles into glucose in liver. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Cori’s Cycle
Q: Lactate is end product of which pathway? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Glycolysis under anerobic conditions
Q: Lactic acidosis leads to which type of Acid-base abnormality? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Metabolic Acidosis
Q: Mention Other Causes of Metabolic Acidosis? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A:
-
- Severe uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
- Starvation ketosis,
- Lactic acidosis
- Renal failure
Q: Define ketonuria. Name the test to detect Ketonuria. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Ketonuria: Excretion of ketone bodies in urine; Rothera’s test
Q: Rothera’s Test is positive in? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Prolonged Starvation & uncontrolled DM
Q: Why starvation & uncontrolled diabetes mellitus leads to acidosis? (Topic: Integration)
A: Carbohydrate is either unavailable (starvation) or underutilized (diabetes): Oxaloacetate is unavailable for combining with acetyl CoA Impaired TCA cycle- Acetyl CoA is diverted for Ketone Bodies synthesis.
Q: Mention the organ which adapts to utilize ketone bodies during starvation? (Topic: Integration)
A: Brain
Q: Why brain cannot use fatty acids? (Topic: Integration)
A: Free Fatty Acids cannot cross Blood-Brain-Barrier
Correlation
Q: Mention examples of Homopolysaccharides. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Starch, Dextrin, Glycogen, Cellulose, Inulin
Q: Mention Clinical significance of Cellulose. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Not digested by mammals due to lack of enzyme that cleaves β glycosidic bond. Major constituent of dietary fiber.
Q: What is dietary fibre? Enumerate them. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Complex carbohydrates not digested by human enzymes.
Cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose, lignins, gums, mucilage.
Q: Mention the importance of dietary fibers for diabetic diet. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Improves glucose tolerance, glycemic control and increases sensitivity to insulin.
When carbohydrates combined with fiber, fat & protein: Glycemic index is low. (Example- Ice-cream)
Q: Mention the importance of dietary fibers for diet of coronary heart disease patient. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Dietary fiber: Decrease the absorption of dietary cholesterol- Hypolipidemic effect
Q: Mention functions of Glycogen. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Liver glycogen- Maintain blood glucose levels, between meals.
Muscle Glycogen- fuel reserve for ATP supply during muscle contraction
Correlation
Q: Define Heteropolysachharides. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: On hydrolysis of these polysaccharides, they yield a mixture of few monosaccharides or their derivatives. More commonly known as Glycosaminoglycans (GAG).
Q: Name the heteropolysaccharide, which is an Anticoagulant. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Heparin
Q: Mention the relation of heparin with transcription. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Heparin, a glycosaminoglycan binds to RNAP and inhibits the transcription
Q: Mention the Competitive inhibitor, which acts as an anticoagulant. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Dicumarol- Competitive inhibitor of Vitamin K epoxide reductase
Q: Mention the vitamin, which has active role in blood coagulation. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K- Coenzyme for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
Gamma carboxyglutamate is important in the clotting mechanism
Q: Mention the deficiency manifestation of Vitamin K. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Blood coagulation is adversely affected, Blood clotting time is increased.
Vitamin K deficiency leads to prolonged coagulation and bleeding.
Q: Mention the phospholipid which helps in coagulation. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Cephalin- Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine
Q: Mention the mineral which has a role in blood coagulation. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcium- Factor IV dependent on Ca2+.
Q: Mention the role of Streptokinase in treatment of acute myocardial infarction and thromboembolism. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Streptokinase is a fibrinolytic (thrombolytic) drug. It forms a complex with plasminogen → converts plasminogen into plasmin → plasmin dissolves fibrin clots.
Correlation
Q: Mention the supplementary pathway of glycolysis in RBCs, where 2,3 BPG is synthesized. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Rapaport-Leubering cycle
Q: Mention the significance of 2,3 BPG. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Has high affinity for Hb, so reduces Hb affinity with oxygen and unloads more oxygen to tissues. At high altitude, hypoxic conditions, anemia, fetal tissue: 2,3-BPG increases: Enhance the supply of oxygen to tissues.
Q: Mention the effectors which are responsible for right shift of oxygen dissociation curve. (Easy oxygen delivery/ O2 affinity is decreased) (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: High 2, 3-BPG, High H+, High CO2, High Temperature, HbS
Q: Mention the relation between pH & [H+] ion concentration. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: pH: Negative logarithm of [H+] ion concentration.
-
- If [H+] is high, the solution is acidic; pH < 7
- If [H+] is low, the solution is basic or alkaline ; pH > 7
Q: Mention the types of acidosis. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Metabolic: due to Loss of HCO3– from the body Respiratory: due to Retention of CO2 (H2CO3)
Q: Mention the causes of Respiratory acidosis. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Chronic
-
- Depression of respiratory center – drugs opiates or head trauma
- Paralysis of respiratory or chest muscles
- Emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, COPD
Causes: Acute
-
- ARDS, pneumothorax
Q: Mention the role of Phospholipids in RDS. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Deficiency of lecithin causes- Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants
Q: Name the heteropolysaccharide, which is a Lubricant and shock absorbent in joints. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Hyaluronic acid
Correlation
Q: Name the rate limiting enzyme in Ketone bodies synthesis. (Topic: Lipids)
A: HMG CoA Synthase
Q: Name another pathway in which this enzyme is involved. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Cholesterol Synthesis.
Q: Define ketonuria. Name the test to detect ketonuria. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Presence of ketone bodies in urine. Rothera’s Test.
Q: Mention Causes of Ketonuria. (Topic: Integration)
A: Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus, Starvation
Q: Name another qualitative test of Urine, which may be positive in Diabetes Mellitus. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Benedict’s test- To detect reducing sugar in urine (Glycosuria)
Q: Why Benedict’s test is called as Semi quantitative test? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: It detects quality as well as quantity. Different color indicates different concentration of sugar present in Urine.
Green +
Yellow ++
Orange +++
Brick red ++++
Q: Name other diagnostic tests for Diabetes Mellitus. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Blood Sugar levels, HbA1C, Lipid Profile
Q: Mention the diagnostic importance of HbA1C. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Directly related to exposure of RBC to glucose: Indicates blood glucose concentration over 2-3 months (half-life of RBC).
Q: Mention the Metabolic changes of Lipid metabolism in Diabetes Metabolism. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertriglycedemia, Ketosis
Correlation
Q: Name the rate limiting enzyme of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. (Topic: Lipids)
A: HMG CoA reductase
Q: HMG CoA reductase is competitively inhibited by (Topic: Lipids)
A: Statin Drugs- Lovastatin, Simvastatin
Q: Clinical application of Statin drugs. (Topic: Lipids)
A: They lower cholesterol levels in plasma.
Q: Normal range of Serum Cholesterol. (Topic: Lipids)
A: 140-200 mg/dl
Q: Mention causes of Hypercholesterolemia. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyridism, Nephrotic Syndrome, Obstructive jaundice
Q: Mention the Electrophoresis pattern of Nephrotic Syndrome. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Decreased Albumin Band (Lost in urine in large amounts)
Increased Alpha 2 Globulin Band (Increased Alpha 2 macroglobulin & haptoglobin)
Q: Mention the Clinical findings in Nephrotic Syndrome. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Massive Proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia
Q: Name the Qualitative test to detect Proteinuria. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Heat Coagulation Test, Heller’s Nitric Acid Test
Q: Mention the Principle of Heat Coagulation Test. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Denaturation by heat
Q: Mention the Principle of Heller’s Nitric Acid Test. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Denaturation by Strong Acid
Correlation
Q: A disorder where a person suffers from flatulence, abdominal distention & diarrhea, after consumption of milk-based products, is(Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Lactose Intolerance
Q: Enzyme affected in Lactose Intolerance is (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Lactase
Q: Enzyme specificity exhibited by Lactase (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Absolute Enzyme Specificity
Q: Another Example of Absolute Enzyme Specificity. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Urease which splits Urea.
Q: Urease Enzyme is useful in Estimation of which Biochemical constituent? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Urea
Q: Normal range of blood urea (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: 15-40 mg/dl
Q: Increase in urea level in blood is known as (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Uremia
Q: Mention renal causes of Uremia. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Glomerulonephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome
Q: Mention other biochemical tests for Kidney disease. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Creatinine, Electrolytes, Cystatin C, Inulin
Q: Mention advantages of Cystatin C. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Early detection of kidney dysfunction. Less affected by muscle mass, age, sex, diet, inflammation.
Q: Inulin is (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Homopolysaccharide of Fructose
Correlation
Q: Name the biomolecule, deficiency of which leads to Phrynoderma or Toad skin? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Essential Fatty Acids
Q: Name Essential fatty acids. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Linoleic Acid, Linolenic acid
Q: Fatty Acids belong to which category of lipids? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Derived Lipids
Q: Name other Derived lipids. (Topic: Lipids)
A: These include glycerol and other alcohols, mono and diacylglycerol.
Lipid soluble vitamins, steroid hormones, ketone bodies, bile acids, cholesterol.
Q: Precursor for corticosteroid hormones is? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Cholesterol
Q: Which Vitamin helps in Corticosteroid metabolism? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin C
Q: Mention the role of Vitamin C in iron metabolism. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Ascorbic acid increases iron absorption.
Q: Name other factors which increase Iron absorption. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Peptides, Acidic pH, Low iron stores.
Correlation:
Q: Name the enzyme which breaks down Arginosuccinate to Arginine. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Arginosuccinate Lyase/Arginosuccinase
Q: Defect in enzyme Arginosuccinase leads to? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Arginosuccinic Aciduria
Q: Give example of Class Lyase of Enzymes from Urea cycle. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Arginosuccinase
Q: Mention the role of Enzyme Arginase in Urea cycle. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Arginase hydrolyses Arginine to Urea & Ornithine.
A: Give Example of class hydrolase of enzymes in Urea Cycle. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Arginase
Q: Name the Enzyme in the Urea cycle which occurs exclusively in Liver. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Arginase
Q: Conversion of Ammonia to Urea (Urea cycle) is example of which function of Liver? (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Detoxification
Q: Mention the reaction of Detoxification by conjugation which occurs in liver. (Topic: Xenobiotics)
A: Bilirubin to Bilirubin Diglucoronide by Glucoronic Acid conjugation
Correlation
Q: Name the Urea cycle defect with enzyme Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I (CPS-I). (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Hyperammonemia Type I
Q: Name the Pathway in which the CPS-II enzyme is involved. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Pyrimidine Synthesis
Q: Give an example of Class Ligase of Enzymes from Urea Cycle. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: CPS-I, Arginosuccinate Synthetase
Q: Ornithine & Carbamoyl Phosphate are converted to Citrulline by which mitochondrial Enzyme? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Ornithine Transcarbamoylase
Q: Defect in Enzyme Ornithine Transcarbamoylase leads to? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Hyperammonemia Type II
Q: Give an example of Class Transferase of Enzymes from Urea Cycle. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Ornithine Transcarbamoylase
Q: Mention the metabolic link between Urea cycle & Kreb’s Cycle. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Oxaloacetate (Kreb’s Cycle) is converted to Aspartate, which joins with Citrulline to form Arginosuccinate (Urea Cycle) with the help of Arginosuccinate Synthetase.
Q: Defect in enzyme Arginosuccinate Synthetase leads to? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Citrullinemia
Correlation
Q: Name the rate limiting enzyme of beta oxidation of fatty acids. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Q: Name the disorder due to defect in Enzyme Acyl CoA dehydrogenase. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Jamaican Vomiting Sickness
Q: Name the Enzyme & Vitamin involved in Oxidation of Odd chain Fatty Acids. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Methyl malonyl CoA mutase & Vitamin B12
Q: Defect in Vitamin B12 leads to (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Methyl malonic Acidemia
Q: Name the Coenzyme of Vitamin B12 (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Methyl Cobalmin
Deoxyadenosyl Cobalamin
Q: Name the organ where Vitamin B12 is stored. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Liver
Q: Name other biomolecules, which are stored in Liver. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Glycogen, Iron, Vitamin A, D, E, K
Q: Name the Iron storage protein in Liver. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Ferritin & Hemosiderin
Correlation
Q: Name the phospholipid, deficiency of which leads to Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Dipalmitoyl Lecithin
Q: Phospholipid, belongs to which category of Lipids? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Complex lipids
Q: Name the other Complex lipids. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Lipoproteins, Glycolipids, Aminolipids, Sulfolipids
Q: Name the Vitamin, which is useful in the treatment of Hyperlipoproteinemia. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Nicotinic Acid Vitamin B3
Q: Deficiency of Vitamin B3 leads to? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Pellagra- Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Q: Niacin is synthesized from which Amino Acid? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Tryptophan
Q: Other products of Tryptophan. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Serotonin, Melatonin
Q: Name the mineral, deficiency of which leads to dermatitis. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Zinc Deficiency- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Q: Mention the role of zinc with Vitamin A. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Zinc helps in the synthesis of RBP, which helps in Vitamin A absorption.
Q: Mention relationship between vitamin A & Lipids. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. It dissolves in organic solvents It is not readily excreted in urine; can cause toxicity. It is absorbed along with fat.
Correlation
Q: What is good cholesterol and what is bad cholesterol? (Topic: Lipids)
A: HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) is good cholesterol and LDL (Low density lipoprotein) is bad cholesterol. HDL & LDL are one of the lipoproteins. (Example of Conjugated lipids).
Q: Why they are labelled as good cholesterol and bad cholesterol? (Topic: Lipids)
A: LDL: Transport cholesterol from liver to other extrahepatic tissues: Lethally Dangerous Lipoprotein: Bad cholesterol
HDL: Transport cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to liver. (Reverse cholesterol transport): Highly desirable Lipoprotein: Good Cholesterol
Q: Mention the relationship between Atherosclerosis and Lipoproteins. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Risk directly correlated with plasma cholesterol & LDL-C. Inversely correlated with HDL-C.
Q: Mention the relationship between atherosclerosis and diabetes. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Dyslipidemia: Diabetics typically have high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low HDL, and small, dense LDL particles — all of which promote atherosclerosis.
Chronic inflammation: Diabetes is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, which plays a key role in atherogenesis.
Pro-coagulant state: Diabetes increases clotting factors and platelet activity. This makes plaque rupture more dangerous and likely to cause heart attacks or strokes.
Q: Mention the relationship between atherosclerosis and Nephrotic syndrome. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is severe dyslipidemia:
- ↑ LDL cholesterol (especially small dense LDL)
- ↑ VLDL and triglycerides
- ↓ HDL cholesterol
These lipid abnormalities are atherogenic, promoting plaque formation in arteries.
Q: Mention the relationship between atherosclerosis and Obstructive jaundice. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: In obstructive jaundice- Impaired bile flow- Reduced cholesterol excretion- Increased serum total cholesterol levels. (Hypercholesterolemia)
In Obstructive jaundice- Elevated LDL (low-density lipoprotein), Elevated lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) — an abnormal lipoprotein rich in phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol.
Elevated LDL is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Q: Mention the relationship between atherosclerosis and hypothyroidism. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Hypothyroidism causes: ↑ Total cholesterol, ↑ LDL cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein)
Elevated LDL is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
Q: Mention the role of dietary fiber for control of hypercholesterolemia. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Dietary fiber: Decrease the absorption of dietary cholesterol.
Q: Mention the role of antioxidant vitamins for control of atherosclerosis. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Vitamin C, E, Beta carotene: Natural antioxidants- prevent formation of oxidised LDL.
Correlation
Q: The phospholipid involved in apoptosis (Topic: Lipids)
A: Phosphatidylserine
Q: Define apoptosis and phagocytosis. (Topic: Extracellular Matrix)
A: Apoptosis is Programmed cell death.
Phagocytosis Engulfment of particles/cells by specialized cells.
Q: Mention the role of phagocytosis in transport across cell membrane. (Topic: Cell)
A: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis are types of endocytosis in transport.
Phagocytosis— “Cell eating” Pinocytosis– “Cell drinking”
Q: Mention the role of iron in phagocytosis. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Iron is a cofactor for enzyme peroxidase.
Peroxidase-required for phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by neutrophils.
Q: Apart from peroxidase, mention other proteins/enzymes where iron is a predominant constituent. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, cytochrome, xanthine oxidase, catalase, tryptophan pyrrolase
Q: Mention the role of iron as antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Iron is a component of the enzyme catalase in RBC which exerts an antioxidant role.
Q: Mention the role of iron in biological oxidation. (Topic: Biological oxidation)
Vital role in mitochondrial electron transport (cellular respiration) as a component of cytochrome and iron–sulphur proteins.
Q: Mention the mineral which helps in Secretary Processes: Endocytosis, exocytosis, cell motility. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcium
Correlation
Q: Which lipoprotein is rich in triglycerides and originates in the liver? (Topic: Lipids)
A: VLDL
Q: Which lipoprotein is formed after VLDL loses triglycerides? (Topic: Lipids)
A: IDL
Q: Which lipoprotein is derived from IDL in circulation and its elevated levels are associated with vascular diseases? (Topic: Lipids)
A: LDL
Q: Which natural antioxidants prevent formation of oxidised LDL? (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Vitamin C, E, Beta carotene.
Q: Mention the role of vitamin E as an antioxidant. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Prevents oxidation of vitamin A, vitamin C and carotenes. It reduces cardiovascular complications (reduces LDL oxidation) & Cancer
Q: Mention the least toxic vitamin amongst fat-soluble vitamins. Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin E
Q: Mention trace element which acts synergistically with Vitamin E as antioxidant. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Selenium