Introduction Life in an oxygenated environment is a double-edged sword. While oxygen (O₂) is indispensable for aerobic respiration and energy production, its partial reduction inevitably leads to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) — unstable and highly reactive molecules Read More …
Category: Notes
Molecular Biology
DNA: The Genetic Material “Transforming factor”: Carries genetic information from generation to generation Memory bank: Reserve bank of genetic information Single mammalian fetal cell contains few picograms of DNA. DNA controls every function of cell through protein synthesis. Why DNA: Read More …
Organ Function Tests
Liver Function Tests Liver is the versatile organ in which maximum metabolism & other biochemical functions are takes place. The importance of liver function tests are – To assess the severity of liver damage. To differentiate different type of Read More …
Acid-Base Balance & Imbalance
Introduction Acid‑base balance refers to the processes by which the body maintains the hydrogen ion concentration ([H⁺]) in body fluids—especially in the blood—within a narrow, physiologically acceptable range. This is critical because many biochemical reactions, enzyme activities, and cellular functions Read More …
Chemistry and Metabolism of Proteins
Introduction Proteins are the prime molecules of life occurring in every cell and every part of the cell. Proteins are the building material for the body structure. They account for about half of the organic material of the human body. Read More …
Water & electrolyte balance
Water Balance Water is an important solvent of life. More important than any other solvent to body. Kidney actively participates in metabolism of water. Functions/ Role of water: Provides aqueous medium to the organism which is essential for various biochemical Read More …
Nutrition
Nutrition Humans derive their energy from food. Foods provide both building material and energy in the form of nutrients to the body. Nutrients are substances that are not synthesised in the body in sufficient amounts and hence need be obtained Read More …
Hormones
The endocrine system acts through Chemical Messengers known as Hormones. Definition of Hormones Hormone derived from the Greek word ‘hormacin’, meaning to excite. An organic substance synthesised in small amounts by specific tissues (endocrine glands) & transported by the circulatory system Read More …
Minerals
Micronutrients and Macronutrients: Micronutrients are substances required in very small amounts (mg or μg) and that mainly function as co-factors of enzymes ( < 0.005% body weight). Vitamins Trace minerals (Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, Se, Mn, F). Macronutrients Read More …
Vitamins
Micro and Macronutrients Micronutrients are substances required in very small amounts (mg or μg) and that mainly function as co-factors of enzymes (< 0.005% body weight). Examples include: Vitamins Trace minerals (Fe, Cu, F, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Read More …