Case Scenario 1: A 50-year-old man presents to the clinic with severe pain, redness, and swelling of the big toe that started suddenly at night. On examination, the joint is tender and warm. Laboratory findings show elevated serum uric acid Read More …
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Chemistry and Metabolism of Proteins
Proteins Proteins are the prime molecules of life occurring in every cell and every part of the cell. Proteins are the building material for the body structure. They account for about half of the organic material of the human body. Read More …
Chemistry and Metabolism of Lipids
Definition of Lipids Organic substances that are relatively insoluble in water, soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, etc.), are actually or potentially related to fatty acids and utilised by the living cells. Properties of Lipids: Not true Read More …
Clinical Cases of Integration and Starvation
Case Scenario 1: A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after fasting for 24 hours due to a trek. He feels weak, dizzy, and has mild confusion. On examination, he is pale, sweaty, and has a rapid pulse. Read More …
Clinical Cases of Organ Function Tests
Subsection: Liver Function Tests Case Scenario 1: A 35-year-old woman presents with complaints of yellowish discoloration of eyes and skin, dark urine, loss of appetite, and fatigue for 1 week. On examination, she has icterus and mild hepatomegaly. Laboratory tests Read More …
Clinical cases of Hemoglobin
Subsection: Heme synthesis Case Scenario 1: A 4-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric clinic with complaints of abdominal pain, dark-colored urine, and photosensitivity. His mother also reports behavioral changes such as irritability and episodes of confusion. Urine examination reveals Read More …
Clinical Cases of Acid-base Balance
Case Scenario 1: A 65-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) visits the emergency department with shortness of breath and drowsiness. Arterial blood gas analysis reveals the following: pH: 7.30 pCO₂: 60 mmHg HCO₃⁻: 30 mmol/L Read More …
Clinical Cases of Water-Electrolyte Balance
Case Scenario 1: A 48-year-old female patient came to the OPD with complaints of depressed mood, irritability, and dark yellow urine. Her lab reports show: Sodium (Na⁺): 132 mEq/L Potassium (K⁺): 4.0 mEq/L Elevated Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) levels a.What is Read More …
Chemistry and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Definition Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which yield these on hydrolysis. Functions of Carbohydrates: Most abundant dietary source of energy (4 cal/gm). Storage form of energy in the form of Glycogen. Structural components of many organisms. Participate Read More …
Biological Oxidation
High Energy Compounds: Substances which possess sufficient free energy to liberate at least 7 Cal/mol at pH 7.0 Possess high energy bonds: acid anhydride bonds. Class Examples of high-energy compounds Pyrophosphates ATP, pyrophosphate Acyl Phosphates 1,3 Biphosphoglycerate, Carbamoyl phosphate Enol Read More …