Chemistry & Metabolism: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids & Proteins, Nucleotides, Hemoglobin, Integration
Correlation
Q: Cholesterol belongs to which class of lipids? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Derived Lipids
Q: Name the vitamin derived from Cholesterol? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Vitamin D
Q: Deficiency of Vitamin D Leads to? (Topic: Vitamin)
A: Rickets in Children. Osteomalacia in adults
Q: Name the marker enzyme for bone diseases (Rickets & Osteomalacia)? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Q: ALP belongs to which class of enzymes? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Hydrolase (Class 3 Enzymes)
Q: Name other condition in which ALP acts as a marker enzyme? (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Obstructive jaundice
Q: Name another enzyme which levels parallel with ALP during obstructive jaundice? (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: 5’ Nucleotidase
Correlation
Q: Mention clinical features in patient of phenylketonuria (PKU). (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Mental retardation, hypopigmentation, mousy odour of urine, hypothyroidism.
Q: Mention the biochemical basis of hypopigmentation in PKU. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Patients of PKU, as they cannot form tyrosine (Due to deficiency of Phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme), exhibit hypopigmentation.
Q: Mention products of tyrosine. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Thyroxine, T3, Melanin, Catechol amines- Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
Q: Thyroxine & T3 synthesis requires trace element/mineral? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Iodine
Q: Iodine deficiency leads to? (Topic: Minerals)
A: Goitre (enlargement of thyroid gland), hypothyroidism and myxedema
Q: Mention biochemical picture in primary hypothyroidism. (Topic: Organ Function Test)
A: Decreased T3, Decreased T4, Increased TSH
Q: Mention effect of hypothyroidism on Basal metabolic rate (BMR). (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Decreased BMR
Correlation
Q: Name the Vitamin whose structure closely resembles to that of monosaccharide. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Vitamin C
Q: Name the disease due to deficiency of Vitamin C. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Scurvy. Characterized by spongy and sore gums, loose teeth, anemia, swollen joints, fragile blood vessels, decreased immunocompetance, Delayed wound healing
Q: Mention the basis of spongy and bleeding gums in scurvy. (Topic: Extracellular Matrix)
A: Vitamin C helps in Formation of collagen – acts as a coenzyme for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine when procollagen is converted to collagen.
Q: Mention the role of Vitamin C in mineral metabolism. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin C Enhances iron absorption (ferrous form); Ferritin formation.
Q: Mention other factors which enhances iron absorption. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Acidity, iron deficiency anemia, alcohol, fructose and cysteine promote iron absorption
Q: Mention the role of iron in Electron transport chain. (Topic: Biological Oxidation)
A: Complex III of ETC: Iron Sulphur protein- Exist Fe3+ (ox) or Fe2+ (red) state.
Complex V of ETC: Cytochromes: Cytochrome are b, c1, c, a, a3.
Q: Other than cytochromes, mention other hemoproteins. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, cytochrome, xanthine oxidase, catalase, tryptophan pyrrolase, peroxidase.
Q: Apart from iron, mention other cofactor for cytochrome oxidase & catalase. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Copper
Correlation
Q: Mention the Metabolic Significance of HMP Shunt. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Formation of Pentoses & Provision of NADPH
Q: NADPH is a coenzyme of? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Q: Mention Significance NADPH. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A:
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- Reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids.
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- Synthesis of amino acids- glutamate dehydrogenase.
- Free radical scavenging: Antioxidant.
- Detoxification-hydroxylation. Cytochrome P450
- Phagocytosis.
- Integrity of RBC membrane.
Q: What is the End product of Pentose metabolism? (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Uric Acid
Q: Mention the rate limiting enzyme in HMP Shunt. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Q: Mention Clinical Significance of HMP shunt. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: G6PD Deficiency Anemia/ Drug induced Hemolytic anemia.
Q: Name the precipitating factors for G6PD Deficiency anemia. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Antimalarial (primaquine), acetanilide (antipyretic), sulfamethooxazole (antibiotic) precipitate the hemolysis- jaundice and severe anemia
Q: G6PD Deficient anemia leads to which type of Jaundice. (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: Hemolytic
Q: Mention the Result of Van Den Bergh test in Hemolytic Jaundice. (Topic: Organ function Tests)
A: Indirect
Correlation
Q: Name the pathway of conversation of lactate from muscles into glucose in liver. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Cori’s Cycle
Q: Lactate is end product of which pathway? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Glycolysis under anerobic conditions
Q: Lactic acidosis leads to which type of Acid-base abnormality? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Metabolic Acidosis
Q: Mention Other Causes of Metabolic Acidosis? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A:
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- Severe uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
- Starvation ketosis,
- Lactic acidosis
- Renal failure
Q: Define ketonuria. Name the test to detect Ketonuria. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Ketonuria: Excretion of ketone bodies in urine; Rothera’s test
Q: Rothera’s Test is positive in? (Topic: Lipids)
A: Prolonged Starvation & uncontrolled DM
Q: Why starvation & uncontrolled diabetes mellitus leads to acidosis? (Topic: Integration)
A: Carbohydrate is either unavailable (starvation) or underutilized (diabetes): Oxaloacetate is unavailable for combining with acetyl CoA Impaired TCA cycle- Acetyl CoA is diverted for Ketone Bodies synthesis.
Q: Mention the organ which adapts to utilize ketone bodies during starvation? (Topic: Integration)
A: Brain
Q: Why brain cannot use fatty acids? (Topic: Integration)
A: Free Fatty Acids cannot cross Blood-Brain-Barrier
Correlation
Q: Mention examples of Homopolysaccharides. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Starch, Dextrin, Glycogen, Cellulose, Inulin
Q: Mention Clinical significance of Cellulose. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Not digested by mammals due to lack of enzyme that cleaves β glycosidic bond. Major constituent of dietary fiber.
Q: What is dietary fibre? Enumerate them. (Topic: Nutrition)
A: Complex carbohydrates not digested by human enzymes.
Cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose, lignins, gums, mucilage.
Q: Mention the importance of dietary fibers for diabetic diet. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Improves glucose tolerance, glycemic control and increases sensitivity to insulin.
When carbohydrates combined with fiber, fat & protein: Glycemic index is low. (Example- Ice-cream)
Q: Mention the importance of dietary fibers for diet of coronary heart disease patient. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Dietary fiber: Decrease the absorption of dietary cholesterol- Hypolipidemic effect
Q: Mention functions of Glycogen. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Liver glycogen- Maintain blood glucose levels, between meals.
Muscle Glycogen- fuel reserve for ATP supply during muscle contraction
Correlation
Q: Define Heteropolysachharides. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: On hydrolysis of these polysaccharides, they yield a mixture of few monosaccharides or their derivatives. More commonly known as Glycosaminoglycans (GAG).
Q: Name the heteropolysaccharide, which is an Anticoagulant. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Heparin
Q: Mention the relation of heparin with transcription. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Heparin, a glycosaminoglycan binds to RNAP and inhibits the transcription
Q: Mention the Competitive inhibitor, which acts as an anticoagulant. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Dicumarol- Competitive inhibitor of Vitamin K epoxide reductase
Q: Mention the vitamin, which has active role in blood coagulation. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin K- Coenzyme for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
Gamma carboxyglutamate is important in the clotting mechanism
Q: Mention the deficiency manifestation of Vitamin K. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Blood coagulation is adversely affected, Blood clotting time is increased.
Vitamin K deficiency leads to prolonged coagulation and bleeding.
Q: Mention the phospholipid which helps in coagulation. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Cephalin- Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine
Q: Mention the mineral which has a role in blood coagulation. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Calcium- Factor IV dependent on Ca2+.
Q: Mention the role of Streptokinase in treatment of acute myocardial infarction and thromboembolism. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Streptokinase is a fibrinolytic (thrombolytic) drug. It forms a complex with plasminogen → converts plasminogen into plasmin → plasmin dissolves fibrin clots.
Correlation
Q: Mention the supplementary pathway of glycolysis in RBCs, where 2,3 BPG is synthesized. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Rapaport-Leubering cycle
Q: Mention the significance of 2,3 BPG. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Has high affinity for Hb, so reduces Hb affinity with oxygen and unloads more oxygen to tissues. At high altitude, hypoxic conditions, anemia, fetal tissue: 2,3-BPG increases: Enhance the supply of oxygen to tissues.
Q: Mention the effectors which are responsible for right shift of oxygen dissociation curve. (Easy oxygen delivery/ O2 affinity is decreased) (Topic: Hemoglobin)
A: High 2, 3-BPG, High H+, High CO2, High Temperature, HbS
Q: Mention the relation between pH & [H+] ion concentration. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: pH: Negative logarithm of [H+] ion concentration.
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- If [H+] is high, the solution is acidic; pH < 7
- If [H+] is low, the solution is basic or alkaline ; pH > 7
Q: Mention the types of acidosis. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Metabolic: due to Loss of HCO3– from the body Respiratory: due to Retention of CO2 (H2CO3)
Q: Mention the causes of Respiratory acidosis. (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Chronic
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- Depression of respiratory center – drugs opiates or head trauma
- Paralysis of respiratory or chest muscles
- Emphysema, asthma, pneumonia, COPD
Causes: Acute
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- ARDS, pneumothorax
Q: Mention the role of Phospholipids in RDS. (Topic: Lipids)
A: Deficiency of lecithin causes- Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants
Q: Name the heteropolysaccharide, which is a Lubricant and shock absorbent in joints. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Hyaluronic acid