Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Immunity, Antioxidant Defence System
Correlation
Q: Name the cell organelle which is known as “Digestive tract of the cell”. (Topic: Cell)
A: Lysosomes
Q: Name the Lysosomal Storage disorders. (LSD). (Topic: Lipids)
A: Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, Pompe disease- type II GSD, Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
Q: What is the defect in Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)? (Topic: Lipids)
A: A group of diseases where there is a buildup of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), affecting various organs and tissues.
Q: What are GAGs? Enlist them. (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: Heteropolysaccharides are commonly known as Glycosaminoglycans (GAG).
Examples: Heparin, Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate, Keratan sulfate
Q: Describe the interplay between Hyaluronic acid and Vitamin K. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Heparin and vitamin K have opposing effects on blood clotting. Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clots from forming, while vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.
Q: Mention the role of vitamin K in coagulation. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Coenzyme for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, which is a post-translational modification.
Q: Name the other vitamin involved in post-translational modification. (Topic: Nucleic acids)
A: Vitamin C which acts as coenzyme for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine when pro-collagen is converted to collagen
Correlation
Q: Bacteria are engulfed by which transport process across cell membrane? (Topic: Cell)
A: Phagocytosis
Q: Phagocytosis comes under which type of transport process across cell membrane? (Topic: Cell)
A: Active Transport- Vesicular Transport- Endocytosis
Q: Give Examples of Minerals involved in Active Transport. (Topic: Minerals)
A: Sodium-Potassium Pump, Calcium Pump
Q: Write the role of sodium in homeostasis of Acid-Base balance? (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
A: Sodium regulates the body’s acid–base balance along with chloride and bicarbonate. It is involved in forming a bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3–H2CO3) and a phosphate buffer system (NaH2PO4–Na2HPO4). These buffer systems play an important role in the acid–base balance.
Q: Which is the Predominant buffer system of ECF?
A: Bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3–H2CO3) (Topic: Acid-Base Balance)
Q: Name amino acid which acts as a buffer? (Topic: Amino Acids & Protein)
A: Imidazole group of Histidine.
Q: Histidine is essential or Non-Essential? (Topic: Amino Acids & Protein)
A: Semi-Essential
Q: Define Semi-essential amino Acids? Name them. (Topic: Amino Acids & Protein)
A: Synthesized by adults but not by growing children. So, essential for growing children. Arginine & Histidine
Q: Which Cycle synthesizes arginine? (Topic: Amino Acids & Protein)
A: Urea Cycle
Q: Name the enzyme which cleaves arginine? (Topic: Amino Acids & Protein)
A: Arginase cleaves arginine into Ornithine & Urea.
Correlation
Q: Lactate Dehydrogenase is marker enzyme for which cellular organelle? (Topic: Cell)
A: Cytosol
Q: Lactate Dehydrogenase is belongs to which class of enzymes. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Oxidoreductase
Q: Mention the iso-enzymes of LDH. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH4, LDH5
Q: Mention the difference in various iso-enzymes of LDH. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: LDH1- H4- Heart, RBCs, LDH2- H3M- Reticuloendothelial System,
LDH3- H2M2- Lung, Spleen, Pancreas, LDH4- HM3- Kidney Placenta,
LDH5- M4- Liver, Skeletal muscle
Q: What is Flipped Ratio? (Topic: Enzymes)
A: In myocardial infarction: Increase in LDH1 activity: Ratio becomes more than 1.
Flipped Ratio: Reversal of ratio from less than 1 in normal individuals to more than 1 in MI.
Q: Name cardiac biomarker enzymes. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: LDH, CPK, AST
Q: AST carries out which reaction? (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Transamination: The transfer of an alpha-amino group from an alpha-amino acid to an alpha-keto acid is known as transamination.
Q: Name the Amino acids not participating in Transamination. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: lysine, threonine, proline, hydroxyproline
Q: Hydroxyproline formation from Proline is due to which reaction? (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Hydroxylation of proline and lysine occurs as post-translational modification, where vitamin C plays a significant role.
Q: Name the role of hydroxyproline in collagen Structure. (Topic: Extracellular Matrix)
A: Collagen is composed of repeating structures of (Gly-X-Y) n where X, Y represent proline, hydroxyproline and sometimes hydroxylysine.
Correlation
Q: Name the marker enzyme for smooth endoplasmic reticulum. (Topic: Cell)
A: Glucose-6-phosphatase
Q: Deficiency of Glucose-6-phosphatase leads to? (Topic: Carbohydrates)
A: von Gierke’s disease: Type I GSD (Glycogen storage disease)
Q: Apart from von Gierke’s Disease, mention other causes of Primary Gout. (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Diet rich in purines/alcohol; deficient in dairy products, increased purine degradation Increased PRPP Synthetase activity, Decreased/partial HGPRT activity, abnormal variant of glutathione reductase
Q: HGPRT Enzyme is related to which pathway? Its deficiency leads to? (Topic: Nucleotides)
A: Purine salvage pathway, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Q: Mention the function of Glutathione Reductase. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Antioxidant Enzyme. Glutathione peroxidase, a selenium containing enzyme catalyzes the reduction of H2O2 to H2O. Reduced glutathione is generated by enzyme glutathione reductase.
Q: Mention other antioxidant enzymes. (Topic: Antioxidant Defense System)
A: Catalase, Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Q: Catalase is marker enzyme for Cellular Organelle? (Topic: Cell)
A: peroxisomes
Q: Mention the amino acids involved in structure of Glutathione. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Tripeptide ; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine
Q: Mention functions of Glutathione. (Topic: Amino Acids & Proteins)
A: Maintain RBC membrane structure and integrity.
Protects Hemoglobin from getting oxidized.
Scavenging of peroxides and free radicals.
Transport of amino acids in intestine and kidney (Meister cycle)
Detoxification- Phase II conjugation reactions.
Q: Apart from Glutathione, mention other agents for detoxification by conjugation. (Topic: Detoxification)
A: Glycine, Glucoronic Acid, Sulphate, Acetyl CoA, Methyl group
Correlation
Q: Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and 5’ Nucleotidase is marker enzyme for which cellular organelle? (Topic: Cell)
A: Plasma membrane
Q: Mention the clinical significance of 5’ Nucleotidase. (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Elevated level of 5’-Nucleotidase is seen in obstructive liver disease (hepatobiliary disease).
It’s activity is parallel to that of ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
Q: Mention other liver specific enzymes. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: ALT, AST, LDH4, LDH5, GGT
Q: Mention Clinical significance of GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase). (Topic: Organ Function Tests)
A: Increased levels of GGT are observed in chronic alcoholism and biliary obstruction.
Q: Mention the vitamin whose levels are affected in chronic alcoholics. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:
In chronic alcoholics
Due to insufficient intake or impaired intestinal absorption of Vitamin B1
Q: Mention the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1. (Topic: Enzymes)
A: Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Q: Mention the disorder of Thiamine deficiency. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Beriberi:
Seen in populations consuming exclusively polished rice as their staple diet.
Q: Describe Dry & wet Beriberi. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Wet beri-beri:
It is characterised by cardiovascular signs and symptoms such as edema of legs, face, trunk and serous cavities.
Breathlessness & palpitation. Raised SBP.
Heart weak & death due to Heart Failure.
Dry beri-beri:
In this type, the nervous system is affected. It presents with progressive muscle wasting, peripheral neuropathy of the motor and sensory systems with diminished reflexes.
Edema not seen. Muscles progressively weaken, walking difficult.
Symptoms often mixed beri-beri.
Q: Mention the biochemical basis of neurological manifestations in Vitamin B1 Deficiency. (Topic: Vitamins)
A: Accumulation of pyruvate: Its increased concentration in plasma & excretion in urine.
Alteration in Blood Brain Barrier: Pyruvate enters brain, accumulates – polyneuritis.
Impairment in nerve impulse transmission due to lack of TPP.